The World Court Project

The Evolution And Impact Of An Effective Citizens' Movement

Doctoral Dissertation

by Kate Dewes April 1999

472 pages printed by the Disarmament & Security Centre
Christchurch, New Zealand

 CONTENTSThe World Court Project - by Kate Dewes

List of Illustrations
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
List of Characters
Abstract

  1. INTRODUCTION

    PART I. WORLD COURT PROJECT ORIGINS: 1945-1990

  2. INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCES FROM CITIZEN GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS: 1945-1981

    2.1 Introduction
    2.2 International Committee of the Red Cross
    2.3 Sean MacBride
    2.4 Legal Views
    2.5 The Military
    2.6 International Peace Bureau
    2.7 World Peace Council
    2.8 Scientists and Physicians
    2.9 Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
    2.10 Conclusions

  3. THE 1980s: WOMEN MOBILISE

    3.1 Introduction 3.2 Actions Inspired by Women
    3.3 Oxford Research Group
    3.4 Four Politicians:Theorin, Kelly, Vallentine, Lini
    3.5 Women-Only Actions
    Greenham Women's Peace Camp
    3.6 Conclusions

  4. THE 1980s: OTHER DOMESTIC INITIATIVES

    4.1 Introduction
    4.2 United Kingdom
    Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
    International Law Against War
    London Nuclear Warfare Tribunal & MacBride Appeal
    Pax Legalis
    Institute for Law and Peace
    Snowball 4.3 Other Countries
    Japan
    West Germany
    Netherlands
    Canada
    United States
    4.4 Conclusions

     

  5. GOVERNMENTS RESPOND

    5.1 Introduction
    5.2 Treaties and Resolutions: 1945-1980
    5.3 The 1980s: A Decade of New Thinking
    5.4 Unilateral Actions by States
    5.5 Nuclear Free Zones
    5.6 Conclusions

    PART II WORLD COURT PROJECT GESTATION :1986-1992

     

  6. CITIZENS MOBILISE IN AOTEAROA/NEW ZEALAND: 1986-1990

     

    6.1 Introduction 6.2 Harold Evans 6.3 Open Letters
    6.4 Richard Falk's Visit 6.5 Edward St John 6.6 Approaches to Governments 6.7 Approaches to Citizen Groups
    Lawyers
    Physicians
    6.8 Public Advisory Committee on Disarmament and Arms Control and the Third UN Special Session on Disarmament 6.9 Conclusions
     

  7. AOTEAROA/NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT POLICIES: 1945-1990

    7.1 Introduction
    7.2 Tacit Support for Nuclear Weapons 1945-1972
    7.3 Using the International Court of Justice 1973-1974
    7.4 Emerging Nuclear Allergy 1972-1984
    7.5 "The Kiwi Cure " 1984-1990s
    7.6 Labour Government's Response to the WCP 1986-1990
    7.7 Conclusions

     

  8. INTERNATIONAL MOBILISATION: 1988-1992

    8.1 Introduction
    8.2 Citizen Groups
    World Association of World Federalists
    British Connections
    International Association of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms (IALANA)
    Links with the Commonwealth
    Parliamentarians
    8.3 United Nations 1991
    New York
    Geneva
    8.4 Other Groups
    8.5 WCP Co-Sponsors
    8.6 WCP International Launch
    8.7 Conclusions

    PART III. WORLD COURT PROJECT PROGRESS IN THE UN: 1992-1996

     

  9. APPROACHES TO THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION

    9.1 Introduction
    9.2 Erich Geiringer 9.3 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW)
    9.4 World Health Assembly: 1992
    Preparation
    Ann Marie Janson and George Salmond
    Presenting the Resolution
    Lessons Learned 9.5 World Health Assembly: 1993
    Preparation WHO Executive Board Meeting
    Resolution and Voting
    Role of Citizen Groups
    9.6 From the World Health Assembly to the ICJ
    9.7 Conclusions
     

  10. BUILDING PUBLIC AND GOVERNMENT SUPPORT: 1992-1994

    10.1 Introduction
    10.2 Public Participation
    Declarations of Public Conscience
    Endorsing Groups and Prominent Individuals
    10.3 Case Study of Aotearoa/New Zealand: 1992-1994
    10.4 WHA Submission to the Court and UNGA Resolution 10.5 Conclusions
     

  11. UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTIONS: 1993 AND 1994

    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 Alyn Ware
    11.3 Lobbying New York Diplomats and Governments
    11.4 Role of the Non-Aligned Movement 11.5 UN General Assembly: 1993
    11.6 UN General Assembly: 1994 11.7 Conclusions
     

  12. GOING TO COURT: 1994-1996

    12.1 Introduction
    12.2 Submissions to the Court
    World Health Assembly Question
    UN General Assembly Question 12.3 Aotearoa/New Zealand Reopens 1973 Nuclear Tests Case
    12.4 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
    12.5 Citizens Gather at The Hague
    12.6 Oral Proceedings
    Australia
    Non-Aligned Movement Representatives South Pacific Islands, Japan and San Marino
    Nuclear Weapon States and their Allies
    12.7 Conclusions

    PART IV. CONCLUSIONS

  13. THE IMPACT OF THE WORLD COURT PROJECT

    13.1 Responses to the Court's Decision
    13.2 Preparing the Ground
    13.3 Reasons for Success
    13.4 The Role of Small States
    13.5 The Role of Women 13.6 Aotearoa/New Zealand Government Reluctance
    13.7 Impact on Nuclear Disarmament
    13.8 Impact on Peace Movements
    13.9 Lessons Learned
    13.10 Concluding Thoughts

    Chronology

    Appendix I. Precursors to WCP II. Citizen Evidence III. WHA and UNGA ICJ resolutions

    Sources Consulted